Bridging DeFi and Traditional Finance: The Path Toward Mainstream Adoption

Understanding DeFi

Decentralized Finance, commonly referred to as DeFi, represents a transformative shift in the financial landscape, leveraging blockchain technology to create an open and accessible financial ecosystem. Unlike traditional finance, which relies on centralized institutions such as banks and brokers, DeFi operates on a decentralized model that empowers individuals to engage in financial activities without intermediaries.

Definition of DeFi and Its Core Principles

At its core, DeFi is a global financial system built on blockchain technology that facilitates peer-to-peer transactions. This system is characterized by several fundamental principles:

• Decentralization: DeFi eliminates the need for intermediaries by allowing transactions to occur directly between users through smart contracts. This reduces reliance on centralized authorities and enhances user autonomy.
• Transparency: All transactions within DeFi are recorded on a public blockchain, ensuring that they are verifiable and accessible to anyone. This transparency fosters trust among users.
• Permissionless Access: DeFi platforms are open to anyone with an internet connection, allowing individuals from diverse backgrounds to participate without the barriers often present in traditional finance.
• Open-source Development: Many DeFi applications are built on open-source protocols, enabling community collaboration and innovation. This openness allows developers to scrutinize and improve upon existing systems.

Key Characteristics of DeFi Platforms

DeFi platforms offer a wide array of financial services that mirror those found in traditional finance but with enhanced efficiency and accessibility.

Key characteristics include:

• Lending and Borrowing: Users can lend their cryptocurrency holdings to earn interest or borrow assets against collateral, enabling flexible financial strategies.
• Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs): These platforms allow users to trade cryptocurrencies directly with one another without relying on centralized intermediaries, thereby increasing privacy and control over assets.
• Yield Farming: This practice involves lending crypto assets to liquidity pools on DeFi platforms in exchange for rewards. It incentivizes users to provide liquidity while earning returns on their investments.
• Derivatives Trading: Users can speculate on asset price movements using financial instruments like options and futures, expanding the range of investment opportunities available within the DeFi ecosystem.

The Role of Blockchain Technology in DeFi

At the heart of DeFi lies blockchain technology, which serves as the foundational infrastructure for these decentralized applications. Blockchain provides a secure, immutable ledger for recording transactions, ensuring data integrity and transparency. Smart contracts self-executing contracts with terms written into code — automate processes and enforce agreements without human intervention.

The decentralized nature of blockchain enhances security by distributing data across a network of computers, making it resistant to censorship and manipulation. This technological framework not only supports existing financial services but also paves the way for innovative solutions that challenge traditional financial paradigms.

The Evolution of DeFi Solutions

The evolution of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has been marked by rapid technological advancements and innovative solutions that have redefined the financial landscape. As DeFi continues to grow, it has increasingly integrated with traditional finance, creating a hybrid ecosystem that leverages the strengths of both worlds. This section explores the key developments in DeFi solutions, highlighting the trends and technologies shaping its future.

Historical Context: From Inception to Present-Day Developments

DeFi emerged in 2017 with the launch of Ethereum, which introduced smart contracts — self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code. This innovation laid the groundwork for a range of financial applications that could operate without intermediaries. Since then, various platforms have sprung up, offering services such as lending, borrowing, and trading, all powered by blockchain technology.

The initial wave of DeFi solutions primarily focused on basic functionality, such as decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and lending protocols. However, as user demand grew, developers began to explore more complex financial instruments and services. The introduction of Automated Market Makers (AMMs) revolutionized trading by allowing users to provide liquidity in exchange for rewards, significantly enhancing market efficiency.

Key Milestones in DeFi Development

• Emergence of DEXs: Platforms like Uniswap and SushiSwap pioneered the concept of decentralized trading, allowing users to swap tokens directly without relying on centralized exchanges. This shift empowered users with greater control over their assets and reduced reliance on third parties.
• Lending Protocols: Projects like Aave and Compound introduced decentralized lending and borrowing mechanisms, enabling users to earn interest on their crypto holdings or access funds without traditional credit checks.
• Integration of NFTs: The rise of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has expanded the scope of DeFi applications. NFTs can now serve as collateral for loans or be used in liquidity pools, broadening the range of assets available within the DeFi ecosystem.

Technological Advancements Driving DeFi Growth

Several technological innovations have played a pivotal role in advancing DeFi solutions:

• Cross-Chain Technology: As DeFi applications proliferate across multiple blockchains, cross-chain technology has emerged as a critical solution for enhancing interoperability. Platforms like Polkadot and Avalanche facilitate seamless communication between different blockchains, allowing users to access a wider array of services without being confined to a single network.
• Layer 2 Scaling Solutions: To address scalability issues on networks like Ethereum, Layer 2 solutions such as rollups and sidechains have gained traction. These technologies enable faster and cheaper transactions by processing them off the main blockchain while maintaining security standards. As a result, user experience improves significantly, paving the way for broader adoption.
• Modular Design: The shift towards a more modular approach in DeFi development allows for greater flexibility and innovation. By breaking down functionalities into smaller components or “primitives,” developers can easily combine these elements to create sophisticated applications tailored to specific needs.

Emerging Trends in DeFi Solutions

As the DeFi landscape continues to evolve, several key trends are shaping its future:

• Integration with Traditional Finance: Financial institutions are increasingly recognizing the potential of DeFi solutions. By incorporating blockchain technology and smart contracts into their operations, traditional banks can enhance efficiency and offer new services that cater to a broader audience.
• Focus on Security and Compliance: As DeFi matures, there is a growing emphasis on security protocols and regulatory compliance. Projects are implementing robust security measures to protect user assets and ensure adherence to evolving regulations.
• Real-World Asset Tokenization: The tokenization of real-world assets (RWAs) is gaining momentum within the DeFi space. This trend allows physical assets like real estate or commodities to be represented digitally on the blockchain, facilitating easier trading and investment opportunities.

Institutional Adoption of DeFi

The institutional adoption of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is rapidly gaining momentum as financial institutions recognize the transformative potential of blockchain technology. This shift marks a significant transition from traditional finance (TradFi) to a more decentralized model that promises enhanced efficiency, transparency, and accessibility. As DeFi matures, it is becoming increasingly attractive to institutional investors seeking innovative solutions to modernize their operations and improve profitability.

The Growing Interest from Financial Institutions

Historically, DeFi was viewed as a niche market primarily catering to retail investors. However, recent developments indicate a paradigm shift as institutional players begin to explore its capabilities. The maturation of DeFi protocols, coupled with the establishment of regulatory frameworks, has alleviated concerns regarding digital asset safety and compliance. Institutions are now more willing to engage with DeFi solutions, drawn by the prospect of higher returns and attractive interest rates that can provide a stable stream of passive income.

For example, initiatives like Bitlocus exemplify how institutional DeFi is simplifying access to decentralized financial services. By offering secure transaction services and compliance tools, Bitlocus and similar platforms are making it easier for institutions to navigate the complexities of the DeFi landscape.

Key Drivers of Institutional Adoption

Several factors are driving the increasing interest in DeFi among institutional investors:

• Cost Efficiency: DeFi eliminates intermediaries, reducing transaction costs associated with traditional financial services. This cost-effectiveness is particularly appealing to institutions looking to optimize their operations.
• Enhanced Liquidity: Institutional investors often require significant liquidity to enter and exit positions efficiently. DeFi protocols can provide access to new liquidity pools and facilitate cross-chain trading, enhancing market participation.
• Improved Security and Compliance: Institutional investors demand robust security measures and compliance standards. Many DeFi platforms are evolving to meet these requirements by implementing Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) protocols, making them more attractive for institutional use.
• Innovative Financial Products: The emergence of tokenized assets and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) offers new investment opportunities for institutions. By leveraging these innovations, financial institutions can create tailored products that meet their client’s needs while benefiting from the efficiencies of DeFi.

Challenges in Institutional Adoption

Despite the growing interest, several challenges remain that could hinder the widespread adoption of DeFi by institutions:

• Regulatory Uncertainty: The evolving regulatory landscape poses a challenge for institutional players. While regulations like the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) framework aim to enhance security and transparency, they also introduce complexities that institutions must navigate carefully.
• Technological Complexity: The inherent complexity of blockchain technology can be daunting for traditional financial institutions. Many organizations are still in the early stages of understanding how to integrate DeFi solutions into their existing systems effectively.
• Risk Management: Institutions must develop robust risk management strategies to address the unique risks associated with DeFi, including smart contract vulnerabilities and market volatility. This requires a shift in mindset and operational practices within these organizations.

Regulatory Landscape and Compliance

The regulatory landscape for Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is complex and rapidly evolving, reflecting the unique challenges posed by this innovative sector. As DeFi continues to grow, regulators worldwide are increasingly focused on establishing frameworks that ensure consumer protection, prevent financial crimes, and maintain market integrity. This section explores the current state of regulations affecting DeFi, the challenges faced by projects in achieving compliance, and the opportunities that a well-defined regulatory framework can create.

Current Regulatory Frameworks

The regulatory environment for DeFi varies significantly across jurisdictions. While some countries have embraced blockchain technology and its applications, others remain cautious, citing concerns such as money laundering, consumer protection, and financial stability. Notable initiatives include:

• Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA): Implemented in the European Union in June 2023, MiCA aims to create a comprehensive regulatory framework for crypto assets, including DeFi. It focuses on client verification, transparency in operations, and maintaining verifiable reserves. By establishing clear guidelines, MiCA seeks to enhance security and attract institutional investors to the DeFi space.
• U.S. Regulatory Oversight: In the United States, regulatory bodies are closely monitoring the DeFi landscape to ensure compliance with existing commodities and securities laws. This scrutiny has led to enforcement actions against certain projects that fail to adhere to regulatory standards.

Challenges of Regulatory Compliance in DeFi

Despite the potential benefits of regulation, several challenges hinder effective compliance within the DeFi ecosystem:

• Decentralization: The very nature of DeFi — operating without a central authority — poses significant challenges for regulators. Unlike traditional financial institutions that can be held accountable, many DeFi platforms lack identifiable entities that can be regulated or sanctioned.
• Technological Complexity: The rapid innovation inherent in blockchain technology makes it difficult for regulatory frameworks to keep pace. The decentralized and borderless nature of DeFi complicates the application of existing regulations.
• Ambiguity in Compliance: Many DeFi projects operate in a legal gray area due to a lack of clarity regarding which regulations apply. This uncertainty can lead to regulatory scrutiny and enforcement actions, as seen with EtherDelta’s penalty for operating as an unregistered securities exchange.

Proactive Approaches to Compliance

To navigate these challenges effectively, stakeholders in the DeFi ecosystem can adopt proactive compliance strategies:

• Engagement with Regulators: DeFi projects should foster constructive relationships with regulators by engaging early in discussions about potential regulations. This proactive approach can help shape policies that support innovation while addressing financial crime risks.
• Incorporating KYC and AML Measures: Implementing Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) processes is crucial for compliance. By adopting a risk-based approach (RBA), DeFi platforms can tailor their KYC measures according to customer risk profiles, ensuring they meet regulatory requirements without compromising user privacy.
• Embedding Compliance into Smart Contracts: Integrating compliance measures directly into smart contracts can streamline adherence to regulations. For instance, requiring an AML check before executing transactions can mitigate risks associated with financial crimes.

Opportunities Arising from Regulatory Clarity

While navigating the regulatory landscape presents challenges, it also offers significant opportunities for growth:

• Legitimization of DeFi: Clear regulatory frameworks can enhance the credibility of DeFi projects, attracting institutional investors who may have previously been hesitant due to concerns about compliance and security.
• Consumer Protection: Regulations aimed at protecting consumers can foster trust in the DeFi ecosystem. By ensuring that platforms adhere to high standards of security and transparency, users will feel more confident engaging with decentralized services.
• Market Stability: A well-defined regulatory framework can contribute to overall market stability by reducing instances of fraud and ensuring that projects operate within established guidelines.

Bridging the Gap: Integrating Traditional Finance with DeFi

The integration of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) with Traditional Finance (TradFi) represents a pivotal development in the evolution of financial services. As the two sectors converge, they create a hybrid ecosystem that leverages the strengths of both worlds, offering innovative solutions that enhance efficiency, accessibility, and transparency. This section explores the mechanisms through which DeFi is bridging the gap with traditional finance, highlighting key developments, challenges, and future opportunities.

Hybrid Financial Products: Tokenization and Beyond

One of the most significant ways DeFi is integrating with TradFi is through the tokenization of assets. This process involves converting real-world assets — such as real estate, stocks, and bonds — into digital tokens on a blockchain. Tokenization facilitates fractional ownership, allowing investors to purchase smaller shares of high-value assets, thereby democratizing access to investment opportunities traditionally reserved for wealthy individuals or institutions.

Platforms like Polymath and Tokensoft are leading the charge in this space by providing compliant frameworks for issuing security tokens. These platforms ensure that tokenized assets adhere to regulatory standards while enabling issuers to manage liquidity and automate processes through smart contracts. By aligning tokenization with existing regulatory frameworks, these solutions help bridge the gap between DeFi and TradFi, fostering greater trust among institutional investors.

Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) and Automated Market Makers (AMMs)

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) play a crucial role in integrating traditional finance with DeFi by facilitating peer-to-peer trading without intermediaries. DEXs like Uniswap and Curve Finance utilize Automated Market Makers (AMMs) to provide liquidity for trades based on mathematical algorithms rather than traditional order books. This innovation not only enhances trading efficiency but also allows users to retain control over their assets.

As traditional financial institutions explore DEXs, they can leverage these platforms to access new liquidity pools and trading opportunities. For instance, firms can utilize DEXs for hedging strategies or to gain exposure to emerging digital assets without relying solely on centralized exchanges.

Collaboration Between Traditional Financial Institutions and DeFi Projects

The collaboration between traditional financial institutions and DeFi projects is becoming increasingly common. Many banks and asset managers are partnering with DeFi platforms to explore innovative financial products that combine the best features of both systems. For example, some banks are experimenting with offering crypto-backed loans or integrating stablecoins into their payment systems.

These partnerships allow institutions to tap into the efficiency and transparency of DeFi while maintaining compliance with regulatory frameworks. By working together, traditional finance can benefit from DeFi’s innovative solutions while ensuring that consumer protection and risk management remain priorities.

Challenges in Bridging DeFi and TradFi

Despite the promising potential of integrating DeFi with TradFi, several challenges must be addressed:

• Regulatory Compliance: Navigating the complex regulatory landscape is a significant hurdle for both DeFi projects and traditional institutions. Ensuring compliance while maintaining the decentralized ethos of blockchain technology requires careful consideration and collaboration with regulators.
• Technological Integration: Integrating legacy systems with blockchain technology poses technical challenges. Traditional financial institutions must invest in infrastructure upgrades to support seamless interactions between conventional systems and decentralized protocols.
• Cultural Differences: The operational philosophies of DeFi and TradFi can differ significantly. While DeFi emphasizes decentralization and community governance through mechanisms like Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), TradFi relies on centralized decision-making processes. Bridging these cultural divides will require open dialogue and mutual understanding.

Future Opportunities for Integration

The future of finance lies in continued collaboration between DeFi and TradFi. As both sectors evolve, several opportunities may arise:

• Enhanced Financial Inclusion: By leveraging DeFi’s open-access model, traditional financial institutions can extend services to unbanked or underbanked populations globally. This integration can facilitate greater financial inclusion by providing access to essential services such as lending, saving, and investment.
• Innovative Financial Instruments: The fusion of DeFi’s flexibility with TradFi’s stability can lead to the development of new financial instruments that cater to diverse investor needs. For instance, hybrid products combining derivatives from both ecosystems could offer enhanced risk management tools.
• Increased Market Efficiency: The integration of automated processes from DeFi into traditional finance can streamline operations, reduce costs, and enhance transaction speeds across various financial services.

Technological Innovations in DeFi Development

The landscape of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is rapidly evolving, driven by a series of technological innovations that enhance its functionality, security, and user experience. These advancements not only address existing challenges but also unlock new possibilities for financial services. This section delves into the key technological innovations shaping DeFi development, highlighting their implications for the future of finance.

Smart Contracts: The Backbone of DeFi

Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automate processes and enforce contract terms without the need for intermediaries, significantly reducing transaction costs and potential errors. The programmability of smart contracts allows developers to create complex financial instruments and services that were previously unimaginable.

• Automation: By automating transactions and processes, smart contracts facilitate faster execution times and reduce the risk of human error or fraud.
• Transparency: All transactions executed through smart contracts are recorded on a public blockchain, ensuring transparency and auditability.
• Trustless Environment: Users can engage in transactions without needing to trust a third party, as the smart contract’s code governs the execution.

Layer 2 Scaling Solutions

As DeFi applications have gained popularity, scalability has emerged as a critical challenge, particularly on networks like Ethereum. Layer 2 scaling solutions, such as rollups and sidechains, have been developed to address these issues by enabling faster and cheaper transactions.

• Reduced Costs: Layer 2 solutions lower transaction fees significantly, making DeFi more accessible to a broader audience.
• Enhanced Performance: By processing transactions off the main blockchain, these solutions improve overall user experience and operational efficiency. For instance, platforms like Arbitrum and Optimism allow for thousands of transactions per second (TPS) at minimal costs.

Interoperability Protocols

Interoperability is essential for creating a seamless DeFi ecosystem where different platforms can communicate effectively. Innovations in interoperability protocols enable various blockchains to interact, facilitating cross-chain transactions and liquidity sharing.

• Cross-Chain Functionality: Projects like Polkadot and Cosmos are pioneering cross-chain capabilities that allow assets to move freely between different blockchain networks.
• Increased Liquidity: By enabling interoperability, these protocols enhance liquidity across platforms, allowing users to access a wider range of financial services.

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) Integration

The integration of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) into DeFi platforms has opened up new avenues for asset tokenization and digital ownership. NFTs can represent unique assets such as art, real estate, or collectibles, allowing them to be used as collateral in DeFi lending and borrowing.

• New Revenue Streams: Companies can create unique digital assets that generate new revenue opportunities through sales or royalties.
• Enhanced Market Participation: By broadening the scope of assets utilized within DeFi, NFT integration fosters increased market participation and liquidity.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)

DAOs represent a novel governance model within DeFi that allows stakeholders to collectively make decisions regarding protocol upgrades, resource allocation, and project direction. This community-driven approach enhances transparency and inclusivity in decision-making processes.

• Token-Based Voting: DAO members typically hold governance tokens that grant them voting rights on proposals, fostering a democratic governance structure.
• Community Engagement: DAOs encourage active participation from users, aligning incentives between developers and the community while promoting a sense of ownership over projects.

Security Innovations

As DeFi continues to grow, so does the importance of security. Innovations in security protocols are essential for protecting user assets and maintaining trust in decentralized systems.

• Audits and Bug Bounties: Many DeFi projects prioritize regular security audits and establish bug bounty programs to identify vulnerabilities before they can be exploited.
• Insurance Protocols: Platforms like Nexus Mutual provide insurance coverage against smart contract failures or hacks, offering users an added layer of protection.

Challenges to Mainstream Adoption

While Decentralized Finance (DeFi) holds immense potential to revolutionize the financial landscape, several significant challenges hinder its mainstream adoption. These challenges span technological, regulatory, and operational domains, posing risks that must be addressed for DeFi to achieve widespread acceptance. This section explores the primary obstacles facing DeFi and their implications for future growth.

1. Security Vulnerabilities

Security remains one of the most pressing concerns in the DeFi space. The reliance on smart contracts — self-executing agreements coded on blockchains — introduces several risks:

• Smart Contract Bugs: Flaws in smart contract code can lead to exploits and hacks. In 2022 alone, DeFi protocols accounted for approximately $3.1 billion in thefts, primarily due to vulnerabilities in smart contracts and cross-chain bridges. High-profile incidents, such as the Cream Finance hack, demonstrate how a single vulnerability can cascade through interconnected protocols, leading to substantial financial losses.
• Centralized Points of Failure: Despite the decentralized ethos of DeFi, certain components — like oracles that provide external data — remain vulnerable. If compromised, these oracles can feed incorrect information into smart contracts, resulting in significant financial damage. For instance, a recent attack on the QuickSwap decentralized exchange exploited an oracle vulnerability, leading to substantial losses.
• Front-Running and Bot Attacks: The transparency of blockchain transactions can be exploited by malicious actors using bots to execute trades ahead of others, a practice known as front-running. This not only undermines trust but can also lead to market manipulation and destabilization.

2. Regulatory Uncertainty

The largely unregulated nature of DeFi poses a significant barrier to mainstream adoption:

• Lack of Consumer Protection: The absence of regulatory oversight means users have limited recourse in cases of fraud or project failures. For example, the Mirror Protocol hack resulted in over $90 million lost with little legal recourse for affected users1. This lack of protection deters potential investors who may fear losing their funds without any means of recovery.
• Evolving Regulatory Frameworks: As regulators around the world grapple with how to approach DeFi, the uncertainty surrounding potential regulations creates an unstable environment for projects and users alike. Sudden policy shifts could lead to project shutdowns or forced compliance with onerous requirements that stifle innovation5.

3. Technological Immaturity

DeFi is still a nascent sector characterized by rapid innovation and development:

• Complexity of Technology: The intricate nature of DeFi technology can be daunting for users unfamiliar with blockchain systems. Many DeFi platforms depend on various external libraries and protocols, increasing the risk of vulnerabilities if any component is outdated or insecure.
• Operational Risks: Users are often required to manage their own private keys and funds without centralized support. This self-custody model introduces operational risks, as users may lose access to their assets due to lost keys or mismanagement. Additionally, high collateral requirements for lending can deter participation from less experienced users.

4. Market Concentration and Governance Issues

Despite the ideal of decentralization, certain DeFi markets are dominated by a few platforms:

• Market Concentration: Dominant players can exert undue influence over market dynamics, potentially leading to higher fees and reduced competition. This concentration can create barriers for new entrants and limit innovation within the ecosystem.
• Governance Challenges: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), which govern many DeFi projects, often face difficulties in achieving consensus among diverse stakeholders. This can lead to inefficiencies and slow decision-making processes, hindering responsiveness to market changes.

Conclusion

The journey of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is an exciting narrative of innovation, disruption, and transformation within the financial landscape. As we have explored throughout this blog, DeFi presents a compelling alternative to traditional finance, offering enhanced accessibility, transparency, and efficiency. However, the path to mainstream adoption is fraught with challenges that must be addressed to realize its full potential.

Key Takeaways

1. Technological Innovations: The backbone of DeFi lies in its technological advancements, including smart contracts, layer 2 scaling solutions, and interoperability protocols. These innovations are not only enhancing the functionality of DeFi applications but also paving the way for new financial products and services that cater to diverse user needs.
2. Institutional Interest: The growing interest from institutional players signifies a shift in perception towards DeFi. As traditional financial institutions explore partnerships and integrations with DeFi projects, we can expect a more robust ecosystem that combines the strengths of both worlds.
3. Regulatory Landscape: The evolving regulatory environment presents both challenges and opportunities for DeFi. While regulatory uncertainty can hinder growth, clear frameworks can enhance consumer protection and foster trust among users and investors.
4. Challenges to Overcome: Security vulnerabilities, technological immaturity, and governance issues remain significant hurdles that must be addressed for DeFi to achieve widespread acceptance. By prioritizing security measures and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, the DeFi community can build a resilient infrastructure that withstands scrutiny.

The Future of Finance

As we look ahead, the integration of DeFi with traditional finance is poised to reshape the future of financial services. The potential for innovative financial instruments, increased market efficiency, and enhanced financial inclusion is immense. By bridging the gap between decentralized systems and established institutions, we can create a more inclusive financial ecosystem that empowers individuals worldwide.

In conclusion, the evolution of DeFi is just beginning. As technology continues to advance and regulatory clarity emerges, the possibilities for decentralized finance are boundless. Stakeholders across the spectrum — developers, investors, regulators, and users — must work collaboratively to navigate challenges and seize opportunities. Together, we can unlock a future where finance is accessible to all, driven by innovation and powered by the principles of decentralization.

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Bridging DeFi and Traditional Finance: The Path Toward Mainstream Adoption was originally published in The Capital on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.